The main reference to write this article, “a preface to the history” written by Carl G. Gustavson, is a well-organized book, the reader gets involved in reading, because it begins to explain our reasons may be, such as reading his book, and then brings in a different educational perspective, a number of dimensions we could contact, by recognizing the importance of certain evidence relating to historical facts. His story is also analytic, emphasizing reason, logic, and actual cutting, so that everyone involved in the subject. Gustavson speech is constant, and we can notice the voices of other writers, subtly buried in clever arguments and presentation of special arguments. He does not let us ask what is said, because the answers seem to be. He explores areas of history, we have thoroughly analyzed, but the best aspect is that he gives us a return to our spiral learning facts, here in the past, so we know the quality of our building. His book is like an invitation to more searching, as much as we are concerned about the importance of studying history. The author is not only present examples, with characters, but essential? Le human values, and analyze the performance of forces along our own evolution, by clarifying our potential? S ability to innovate, and the conflicts we had and will certainly live in a constant transformation of values, although very typical of human nature, and adapted along the dimensions of time and space. He also gives us a very substantial statistical? Le role of sources, bibliographic notes, but not too much along paraphrase the story. His clarifications include not only the main point, which is sociological aspects, but also highlighted economic, political, cultural and philosophical passages, which are connected so they can be understood in the general context that is essentially sociological and historical. The author does not cover the added material, including photos, maps, charts, appendices, chapter subheadings, but is absolutely careful with the quality of his analysis together the story, which is the most important literary source he manages well. It is reported by Gustavson, in his book “A Preface to History” (Chs. 01, p. 02) that the History students face, according to their perception of reality, that the possibility of a part of the historical process to be resource, which is relative, depending on their social, cultural, economic and political evolvements. As readers, we can understand his intention to make history definitions? S who approach us with the concept itself, in various collocations. “History also has a peak of human knowledge, where the ins and outs of our own generation can be scanned and provide the right size.” (P. 02) “History is the story of the successful, or better, the successful write history. ” (P. 127) “History consists of stories, and stories have heroes and villains.” (P. 124) He also refers to the concept of the determinists is that: “History is an account of a constant process of evolution toward a predetermined goal that interruptions may occur and there may be unforeseen delays and diversions, but the final result of destiny. “(P. 124) Another reference is the concept of Voltaire:” History is but a picture of crimes and accidents. (P. 110) Although he mentions that history is not science, he admits that a close relationship with people’s view of reality, so people can access various records of facts and useful time. He also compares a historical episode with a game of poker, the man can win only with fairly good maps. The participation process depends on our lives and what our ancestors have to tell us about their past. So, sometimes we do not directly insiders History, depending on our connections with the facts. Sometimes we can only regard them as outsiders. The different approaches we certainly understand us better if we try to answer the questions: Who am I, where I came from and where I go. Familiarity with the basic concepts and processes, will help students to our background to understand as a society, and they would probably be included in history, by searching and searching for their roots, even as an outsider. It will probably be useful to promote the development of competencies, and they will become more enlightened citizens with a good sense of perception in evaluating a public offering (p. 5). Anyway, it depends too much of our capabilities. Like Pol? Bios reports in his book “History,” many of us, in my view, much like attitudes to perform, but few who are brave enough to try, and those who try, there are rarely people who are able to proceed to the end. (01) For the more reasonable understanding Historische spirit, Gustavson divides this task into the category? N, and basically addresses the objective way to develop skills to train effectively for this purpose by us a panoramic view of concerns about. 02 The author does not exclude the participation of teachers in contributing to the needs of the students, but it is clear that the interpretation of history depends on the approach to each of us can have according to our personality. In this educational process, we have the need for reasonable reading, which is made by saying he will consider: “The more one knows, the more you learn.” (P. 08) We understand that this transaction is subject to the development of the individual what he / she is looking for, day after day. As Fairclough ask: “Whose voice is this, the students or the university administration? (02) Even where voice, we affiliated with history, especially in the academy, where relevant topics are presented, but it has no relationship with personal important to be engaged with the attitude towards study, which is variable in accordance with our interests. Our voice is formed by several voices, as Bakhtin once said. And History is a feature of these voices. It makes sense to see the speech as opposed to history. However, this interest will move him / her to be plugged into the daily news of their emerging interests. Various lectures and ‘inputs’ will probably lead him / her intertextuality and the development of his / her cognitive perception formulating his / her speech according to its data processing. Contrastive idea? one of our personal concerns, and others, gives us an opportunity for our life to share. He cites Cicero and Santayana to strengthen the importance of flashing back to the past, sometimes very important. But flash forward, so we better prospects for the future. But it depends on our perception of how linked to the present the past. There is evidence to reinforce the idea that we improve our modus vivendi as far as we know about our environment so we can better meet our needs. The author gives several examples of how history can be determined through time as fashion, furniture, art, anthropological and geological characteristics, hunting and fishing: the use of fur in the clothing industry: the weather. (P. 12-24) The author mentions the importance of the weather, reinforcing the idea that we predict. Rain, snow, wind, are weather phenomena that also contribute to our culture and the way we behave. In terms of history, we perceptions about facts. He refers to water vapor in the air, establishing a very clear analogy that allows us face the dynamism of society and how new facts can our destines. Weather ancient civilizations. We never know when new events will happen. sometimes escaped from a prediction. So when he says contours society changes, we understand that in the limit of our comprehension, that is very relative. Nobody knows when antagonic forces will occur, with answers for that ideology? one will win. It’s like hot lava in a volcano. Not being able or willing to come. Gustavson Explains well that Social Forces Historical basic patterns needed to create, knowing that although we have many questions about this, much is due to an accident of chance, the efforts of individual personalities those individuals and institutions. Periods like the Renaissance in Italy?, ancient Greece, medieval Russia, the, mercantilism in different cities, are examples of the emerging social forces, in the long perspective, their histories show comparable patterns. He calls : 03 “social forces, human energy? one originating from individual motivations, merging manifestation of power.” Society is dynamic. These contours change, however slowly. “(P. 26.) Economic groups also control the power, which means the right to vote and participate in society. Then, the mobility of the classes is a function of their economic forces. It could be regarded as marginal or citizen could not acquire a property. The religious forces also being influenced people’s lives, and orders like the Dominicans and Franciscans, who dominated many communities, especially In the medieval period. Adel was also a strength. As he puts it, Noble served as a social force of the absolute rule of the monarch to avoid. (P.. 37). Nomads is also important, given the adjustments they would have the new area to be considered diaspora, and all the involvement of the environment because people are moving to suffer interference in the way they behave through the concept of hybrid cultures, depending on the resistance they would have against the superior ones. The author also makes reference to the Reformation, given the need for the differences between good and bad to be identified as an emerging sense of a frustrated society, he’s explored by the highest social classes. The association for the rescue and is afraid of the satanic power. On the other hand, it puts the forces of Crown and Church, which the planet for centuries dominated. It also reinforces how the reader can interfere with the power to investigate by looking at the causes and background of agitation, the involvement of personalities, powerful ideas? n, economic forces, religious forces, technological developments, explanation of the events by the weakened and strengthened institutions. He also referred to the changes, which seek the others to behave like that, given the Renaissance and the consequences of this movement worldwide, and Reformation. He quotes Cheyney saying in law in history: “The true origin slip away: everything is the result of some procedure . It is necessary to know the facts to a reasonable understanding of the causal link, find the reasons and evidence, and controversies, so that the interpretation of events to formulate. We also have various forms of society itself because the process of change by having change and continuous? quality as lights in our roads. They are abstract concepts. He gives some examples of how things change along the way, including: cars, football and rugby, Parliament; Reformation; Continuous? quality of the British Empire and Commonwealth. We have to try and History use to present and how our concerns in the twentieth century in terms of perspectives can our image of the past interfere with understanding. History writing is not same as novels. We have our sources confirm. Evidence should be found even in the referential? le material, such as objects of art and documents. Archaeologists are rediscovering forgotten realms, and the facts urge for explanations. New ones have been uncovered, although the writing of history changes as a result of the constant reviews. It is a joint effort. We have the exact meaning to footnotes and sources, taking into account the comments from people about a certain topic for the votes to identify along the speech. We have every event in history as a unique face (p. 117) They are sending our decisions. We also ensure disruptions of the past to be taken by the explanation of the current day attitudes to historical situations. conclusion is that current can be better understood when we have our eyes to the past, when interpreting facts in the present. (P.. 178) (1901) Pol? bios, Historia, Editora Universidade de Bras? lia, 1985 . BOOK XXVII. (02) Fairclough, Norman, Discourse and Social Change, 1992, Polity Press, p. 105. 04 02. Gustavson suggests that the methods of historical thinking profitably be used in everyday life. Application historical spirit of personal or professional experience. According to Gustavson historical wind is a way of thinking, a form of reasoning in dealing with historical materials and contemporary problems. There are many areas that may be helpful in addition to the history, such as economics, political , philosophy, literature and geology, which belong to this. 5 to 8.10 -174 to 178. Gustavson confirms Historic mind is a way of thinking, a form of reasoning in dealing with historical material and contemporary problems. Using the occurs in varying degrees in other fields besides the history right: economics, political science, philosophy, literature, and geology between these. In managing this way of thinking, is a student also strengthen its capabilities in this He presents seven categories other areas? n. 1 – Observations of the characters who take decisions, according to a moral code, perhaps based on their successes and failures. Even if the reader enjoys the story, we can not clearly see events, because it depends on who tells it, and information of that person about the facts. 2 – The historic minded person knows that the events do not occur in isolation: each event is mediated and conditioned by a series of events. He will therefore be encouraged to find connections between particular events. historians to come back to the past is unavoidable. 3 – The student of society is distinct from the forms and contours of the forces which are dynamic in society. 4 – The historian has to take care of the injustices. so that he or she has to take care when considering the factual analysis considering time: past, present and future. 5 – Changes in society are absolute. The process is the key issue for historians 6 – Historians have such humility that they can be stubborn reality to recognize. 7 – Gustavson confirms History is not science, although scientific method is used whenever possible. We do not teach history, but we are sure on the need to study it, so we have a reasonable basis in our discussions in the academic context or not. Professors can not expect too much from the students. Is it true? The decision to choose what they will learn from them. They should expect to start getting more involved with what is going on, so that his / her students may have and open mind and open eyes to the good prospects of History. We must also be careful with the disruption of History when interpreting facts in the present. So it’s more than familiarities. Historians have to analyze history through a telescope. Generalizations are always present, because he / she will face a specific point, such a blueprint in the ocean. This first stage in the development of the historical spirit is gone when we visit another country where we are in fact foreigners are in a foreign country, in contact with different cultures. Internet, reduced the need for so much. So we can also outsiders . Anyway, mental boundaries now easily be broken. Studying the past helps us to bases to obtain the perspectives on the present. People should have the past necessarily view from the present, because the older historical-mindedness will occur only if the person who considers today from various vantage points in the past. If Gustavson refers to inventions, he explains two very different activities, but very close. The first is the spinning of cotton in the wire, and wearing the wire cloth. James Hargreaves invented spinning machine, and it made a big difference. 05 Two different facts can be observed. The industry of iron and the industry of cotton. Time after time, people could find the importance of water, power to generate enough, so that hands and feet could be replaced. Hands made the production of cotton and requires much work. Thus, when machines took place, has acted on slavery. The cotton gin is to be separated from the seed. So even with the machines, men’s action was very necessary. Many other inventions were developed, such as automotive, aircraft, telegraph, telephone, evolutionary theory? n, magnetism, x-rays, steamer, electric light, the press, that a large importance for life in society would. Printing Press should be quashed because it was considered a creation of the devil. Some developments in astronomy could also be observed. Ptolomeu Nicolau Copernicus and development studies on celestial machinery. “The earth moved for the Sun, rather than the Earth was the center of the university. ” Other things like, telescope, microscope, barometer and the air pump can be invented. Reformation printing press allowed. When we consider the delay, we believe that they transfer knowledge to future generations difficult. (P. 151) – The eruption of technological change moved only act as a social force in history narrative. Every inventor stands on the shoulders of those who preceded him. 3. Gustavson represents several driving forces that influence and change history, each the subject of a separate chapter (Chess 4,7,8,10,12,14,15, discuss, analyze and commented? Run two of these forces. The Interesting to note that a good history begins with the involvement of someone in a certain context. Then, the sounds that people react to the new person today, and gives the co? ordinates the future. This is what we can perceive in Narrative Gustavson’s on Francis Drake, Christopher Columbus and merchants, how involved they get, combining their efforts, given their interests. He defines finally that, “social forces of human energy, which originate from individual motivations, coalesce into a collective manifestation of power. “He presents Religious Social and technological forces. The first is you go is illustrated with examples, especially in terms of leadership, and inferences from the influence of ideas? n. (p. 132) Bartolom? de Las Casas , the event to make man whose father had sailed with Columbus thou? inherited his spirit and also the country, and Indi? rs enough, his career starting as a planter. We can notice the presence of the votes by a sermon, that theme was: “I am the voice of one crying in the wilderness.” They managed the interests of. people by offering sacraments Anyway, if Las Casas returned to Spain, he was appointed the Protector-General of the Indians he had the power to the Indians Francis Xavier, another character, who went to Paris he came into contact with the Loyola …, called “The Alexander the Great of the church. He worked in the East with the colonies? n, especially in Malacaa, Goa, Japan. He died close to China. What Gustavson will strengthen the forces that many people condemned, as Las Casas and Xavier. Both left the beauty and power of the mother church were far behind and, simply dressed, well away from the church itself, just to pray with people and advocate for the Word of God and how important their lives were to achieve power over the world, especially those where Islamic religions were The official Second:. The author suggests that we have a little backtrack in the story of the development of the ship and a special attention should be given to means of transport in particular the knowledge of navigation. Portuguese people developed caravels, and the Spanish people, large ships, such as English navigators. 06 In principle they had very specific interests, including the ability to more food, for all crew members and gunpowder to wear. Then, to man the capacity of the developing new devices or inventions, or ways of doing things. An example of how important this fact can be given by taking the Turks, whose success in their conquests of the Christians was attributed to their modern means of warfare . These new inventions may third kind of social power to illustrate. Influences weapons have improved a lot of ideas and the army has its origins in the needs of the armed defense. If we look at the power of the Church, we also Controversy its focus on its position in the world, the diversity of religion, especially Muslim, the papers of the Reformation in the Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglican. Later, Protestants. He explains the relationship between acquiring knowledge and the importance of the book. The main point is that when printing. spread, people became literate, and the church is not in doubt get people to excommunicate people thought about the interdict had to rescue two people to reduce their debt: .. by confessional, and the duty of penance, the influence of the clergy was notorious. Then the response of the Reformation was the strengthening of papal infallibility as a response to twentieth century, treating the French Revolution, nationalism and materialist Marxism XVII th and XVIII centuries, and today, individualism (p. 138). The King was not an absolute sovereign. The importance of Parliament is a remarkably strong army guarantees the royal power, the main passage of the triumph of the monarchy should be you is illustrated by the passage in the Palace of Versailles: .. ‘L? tat cest moi “(I am the state) (p. 91) Several ideology? one of the French statements do not matter much longer the Rhine or the despotic King Louis XIV. The other side of a dominant geographical influence of Modern Great Britain? was the sea (p. 93) It is easier to understand by the British Colonial Expansion Ventures. England did not meet the unification of Europe want. Then there alliances began to be improved. justifies a certain characteristic qualities of self-preservation and glorification in the attempt of the balance of power. The Founding Fathers of the U.S. helped to establish new concepts of checks and balances between the three -. branches executive, legislative and judicial institutional power could lead to anarchy and tyranny, but it can be observed by controlling the growth of enlightened self-interest, through a domestic balance of power and the law itself.. This limitation of power During the twentieth century, driving in international affairs. (p. 98). If we look at the Revolution, we should commercial? le, industrial? le, Russian, French again to see, so we understand the phenomenon we are about to consider “is one in which a social or economic group replaces the control of the state by another group under circumstances of violence. (p. 99) So these facts are probably related to the destiny of the people, so they formulate new concepts of life. Ideological forces are correlated with the speech, which contributes to changes. If they are not pacific, they should be discussed or imposed, but is caused by poverty of the people. Gustavson considers it an error confirm the misery of the people is the main reason for a revolution, but admits some truth. The poverty should be fought only with the intensification of the commercial? le commerce that was very dependent on weather conditions of navigation. Misery is not the case was a revolution before the end of XVIII century. So, it is wrong to confirm was the main reason for a revolution, particularly in France and England until 1789. What we understand is that the power not only of the monarchy but pastor, began losing power. Governments show incompetence and the church’s inequality. The first part gives a kind of privilege, and second, limitations. So, lighting, took place in history. (England -1680). The decadence of the aristocracy and the absolutism you? nstigeerd revolution. 07 This fact is reinforced by the subsidiary bodies (Burns, 589-592). If we had a very strong front, with the Renaissance, Reformation, we would say things to the speech are changed. (BRANDT 572-580). Especially the one who destroyed the faith in existing institutions, suggesting the reform (Gustavson, 109) It is certainly these forces to help determine the course of history, as called Gustavson: .. “We prefer to believe in man’s free will, in its ability to make decisions, both private and public figure. (p. 123). We could also point Determinism and Great Man theory. We all know that the history is made of stories, including villains and heroes are historical figures, and get our attention, more than the forces to do. The proponents of determinism Faith History is a record of constant process of evolution towards a pre- particular purpose, with interruptions may occur and there may be unforeseen delays and detours, but the final result is preordained. We also strengthen the power of religious depended on the conception of the crown. A good example is the fact that King Henry VIII of England, especially the religious history of his country transformed by the creation of a free church of England and of foreign control seems to have made England Protestant when it was relevant only in Germany. The Catholic Church of England continues to this day a number of aspects. The true Protestant Reformation in England is doomed to permanent control of the country to take. If we look at the forces of men. Even what they wear or do not have to be approved by the church. Clothes reflect human behavior. a need for acceptance leads to do conformity. We also have our axiomatic premises Conditional patterns in known and acceptable to everyone. (p. 152). We have experiences that we undergo our ideas shape, select properties , integrate with our personality, and direct ourselves to a point of reference, the rediscovery of us towards a sense of reality and conviction. Idea? n are the threads that bind the minds of men together sufficient for joint action occur (p. 153). If we refer to technological powers. We need to recognize importance of certain inventions. They come from particular needs or curiosity. The acceptance of ideas such as the creation of inventions, depends on the cultural level. of a nation this is the point where the forces collide, the spirit of innovation and creation, we humans do, could not be revealed, because it is against the principles of the Church Gustavson called:. . In periods of cultural lag (what idea? n do not keep pace with the physical progress) the unsuitability between ideology and reality of human traces the search for new ideas. “(p. 155). We also had the effect of ideology? n, ranging? Office of nationalism, socialism, individualism, communism, Marxism, capitalism, especially. The main point here is how these systems came to the minds of people, interacting with religious statements. Surely the basis of everything always the working class unions and the balance between commanders and commanded people have. “Marxism was as possessive of the soul of a human mind like a religion (p. 160). Idea? n may also be imposed by force. even if one accepts
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